About Colchester History
Colchester: Britain’s Oldest Recorded Town
Colchester holds a unique place in British history as Britain’s oldest recorded town — now proudly a city. It was also Britain’s First City before London ever became the capital. Its story stretches back over 2,000 years, from its role as the Roman capital of Britain, Camulodunum, to a thriving medieval market town, and today as a modern city that still wears its heritage proudly. When you walk the streets of Colchester City Centre from Colchester Castle to The Roman Circus via Colchester High Street, you’re walking through history that shaped the nation.
Roman Colchester – Camulodunum
Colchester was once known as Camulodunum, the first Roman capital of Britain. The town was home to the grand Temple of Claudius, later transformed into the foundations of today’s Colchester Castle. The impressive Roman Walls, built around AD 65–80, still circle much of the city centre and are among the best preserved in the country.
Visitors can also explore Balkerne Gate, the largest surviving Roman gateway in Britain, and the Colchester Roman Circus, Britain’s only known Roman chariot racing track. These landmarks make Roman Colchester one of the most important archaeological sites in the UK.
Medieval and Tudor Colchester
Following the Roman era, Colchester flourished as a medieval town. The stunning remains of St Botolph’s Priory, one of the first Augustinian priories in England, still stand as a reminder of the town’s religious and cultural importance. The Norman keep of Colchester Castle, built in the 11th century, remains one of the most significant castles in Europe and is today a family-friendly museum showcasing Colchester’s heritage.
In Tudor times, Colchester became a centre of the wool and cloth trade, making it one of the wealthiest towns in England. Many timber-framed buildings from this period still line the Colchester High Street and surrounding lanes, adding character and charm to the modern city.
Civil War and Colchester Siege
Colchester also played a dramatic role in the English Civil War. In 1648, the town endured a brutal 11-week siege, one of the most significant events of the conflict. echoes of the Siege of Colchester can still be seen in Colchester’s architecture, with scars on some historic buildings that remain visible today.
Modern Colchester – A City of Culture and Heritage
Today, Colchester blends its incredible history with a vibrant present. The city is home to major cultural venues like the Mercury Theatre, Firstsite Gallery, and the award-winning Colchester Castle Museum. At the same time, its historic streets are filled with independent shops, cafés and restaurants, keeping the spirit of community alive while celebrating its heritage.
With Colchester High Street regeneration projects and investment in preserving historic landmarks, the city is ensuring that its past is not just remembered but remains part of everyday life. Colchester remains a place where history, culture and community meet.
Why Colchester History Matters
From Roman ruins to Norman castles, medieval priories to Civil War battlegrounds, Colchester history is one of the richest in Britain. Visiting Colchester is like stepping into a living museum — where every street tells a story.
By supporting local businesses, visiting heritage sites, and celebrating the city’s culture, we can keep Colchester’s history alive for generations.
